INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/amd64. CONTENTS About this Document............................................2 Quick install notes for the impatient..........................2 What is NetBSD?................................................3 Changes Between The NetBSD 4.0 and 5.0 Releases................4 General kernel..............................................4 Networking..................................................5 File systems................................................5 Security....................................................6 Drivers.....................................................7 Platforms..................................................11 Userland...................................................17 Components removed from NetBSD.............................21 Known Problems.............................................22 Features to be removed in a later release.....................22 The NetBSD Foundation.........................................22 Sources of NetBSD.............................................23 NetBSD 5.0_STABLE Release Contents............................23 NetBSD/amd64 subdirectory structure........................24 Binary distribution sets...................................24 NetBSD/amd64 System Requirements and Supported Devices........25 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................26 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................28 Installing the NetBSD System..................................28 Running the sysinst installation program...................28 Introduction............................................28 Possible hardware problems..............................28 General.................................................28 Quick install...........................................28 Booting NetBSD..........................................29 Network configuration...................................29 Installation drive selection and parameters.............29 Selecting which sets to install.........................30 Partitioning the disk...................................30 Preparing your hard disk................................30 Getting the distribution sets...........................31 Installation from CD-ROM................................31 Installation using ftp..................................31 Installation using NFS..................................31 Installation from an unmounted file system..............32 Installation from a local directory.....................32 Extracting the distribution sets........................32 Finalizing your installation............................32 Post installation steps.......................................32 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................35 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............35 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.......36 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases.......37 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................37 Administrivia.................................................38 Thanks go to..................................................38 We are........................................................39 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................45 The End.......................................................51 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 5.0_STABLE on the amd64 platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. Quick install notes for the impatient This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to install NetBSD 5.0_STABLE on a machine of the amd64 architecture. o Fetch files needed to install NetBSD. Option 1: bootable CD-ROM images containing the full distribution. These can be found on an FTP site near you, usually located in the /pub/NetBSD/iso/ directory. Check the NetBSD website for details. Option 2: bootable CD-ROM images from amd64/installation/cdrom/. These images are bootable, but do not contain binary sets. They are intended for network installs or system repair. boot.iso is for VGA console installation, and boot-com.iso is for installation over serial console (com0, 9600 baud). Option 3: boot floppy images from amd64/installation/floppy/. boot1.fs and boot2.fs are floppy images for VGA console installation. boot-com1.fs and boot-com2.fs are for installation via serial console (com0, 9600 baud). o The default kernel on CD-ROMs has ACPI enabled. This is known to cause issues on a few machines which have buggy ACPI implementations. To boot with ACPI disabled, choose the "no ACPI" option from the boot menu, or interrupt the menu and enter the NetBSD boot prompt. Type boot -2 to boot with ACPI disabled. o The actual binary distribution is in the amd64/binary/sets/ direc- tory. When you boot the install the installation program can fetch these files for you (using e.g. ftp) if you have a network connec- tion. There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto your machine. You will at a minimum need one of the kernel sets, typically kern-GENERIC.tgz, as well as base.tgz and etc.tgz. In a typical workstation installation you will probably want all the installation sets. o Write the CD-ROM images or floppy images out. Many commercial and freeware programs are available to burn CD-ROMs. If you have problems writing a raw image to a floppy, the rawrite.exe MS-DOS program or the Rawrite32.exe Windows32 program (inside rawrite32.zip) in the i386/installation/misc/ directory may be of help. The disk(s) you just prepared will be used to boot the installation kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD. o For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD dis- tribution, you will want to explore the pkgsrc system with its many thousands of third party software applications. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on 57 different system architectures (ports) across 15 distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 5.0_STABLE release contains complete binary releases for many different system architec- tures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. Please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Changes Between The NetBSD 4.0 and 5.0 Releases The NetBSD 5.0_STABLE release provides numerous significant functional enhancements, including support for many new devices, integration of hun- dreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many user-land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that went into the NetBSD 5.0_STABLE release. The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.0/CHANGES and CHANGES-5.0: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.0/CHANGES-5.0 files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 5.0 release tree. Some highlights include: General kernel o Introduced new synchronization primitives and made almost all core kernel subsystems use fine-grained locking, resulting in much greater performance on MP systems. See mutex(9), rwlock(9), and condvar(9). o The threading system was rewritten and is now based on a 1:1 model. o Made the process scheduler modular, allowing for different scheduling algorithms to be selected. o The default scheduler implementation was rewritten, giving large per- formance improvements on SMP systems, and bringing support for real- time and time-sharing classes. o Added support for SCHED_M2, a second scheduling algorithm, as an alternative to the original SCHED_4BSD algorithm. o Added support for POSIX real-time scheduling extensions. o Added support for POSIX asynchronous I/O. o Added support for POSIX message queues. o Added support for processor sets, CPU sets, and thread affinity. See pset(3), cpuset(3), and affinity(3). o Added MI code to support in-kernel preemption and made i386 and amd64 use it. See kpreempt(9). o Added a new implementation of software interrupts in a machine-inde- pendent way to provide software interrupts with thread context. All ports were made to use it. See softint(9). o Added support for per-system call statistics. o Added support for per-CPU work-queues. See workqueue(9). o Added support for kernel core dumps to software RAID 1 sets. o Added mremap(2), to remap virtual memory addresses. o Added support for dynamic changing of SysV message queues and sema- phore limits. o Improved pagedaemon behavior on memory shortage. o Added TFTPROOT option for TFTPing root ramdisk at root mount time. o Added putter(9) (Pass-to-Userspace Transporter), a generic request- response handler for kernel-attached userspace daemons. o Added a new power management framework, pmf(9). o By default, the kernel no longer enters ddb(4) if it panics. To get the old behavior, set ddb.onpanic to 1 in /etc/sysctl.conf. o ddb(4): Added a ``whatis'' command, inspired by Solaris. o All ports made to use generic todr(9). o All ports made to use timecounter(9). o Added Mersenne Twister PRNG implementation. o Added posix_madvise(2). o Numerous improvements to compat_linux(8) and compat_linux32. o Device attach and detach notifications are now exposed via /dev/drvctl. o Added sockopt(9), a new kernel API for passing socket options. o If no usable init(8) program can be found, set the RB_ASKNAME flag and prompt users for the init path. Networking o Added ipv6 fast forward support, which increases forwarding speed by hashing/caching flows. o Added per-socket keepalive timer settings and the ability to change connection timeouts. o Added support for automatic sizing of TCP socket buffers. o Added a new socket option SO_NOHEADER to tell the network stack to strip the protocol header from packets received on a raw socket. o Added accept filters. See accept_filter(9), accf_data(9), and accf_http(9). o fast_ipsec(4): Added support for IPsec NAT-T. o pf(4): Made ``nat'' and ``rdr'' translation rules obey state policy flags. Extended pf.conf(5) syntax to express the translation-state policies. o Network statistics were changed to be per-CPU. o ALTQ: Added support for source address hashing in the WFQ scheduler. o Pulled in IANA-generated services and protocols files. File systems o Added wapbl(4), a preview of metadata journaling for FFS. Contributed by Wasabi Systems. o Added read-only support for Apple HFS+ file systems. See mount_hfs(8). o Added read-only support for Silicon Graphics EFS file systems. See mount_efs(8). o Added write support for UDF file systems. See mount_udf(8). o Added mount_psshfs(8), to support puffs(3) sshfs. o Added mount_9p(8), to support 9P file services with puffs(3). o Added rump_nfs(8), a userspace NFS client. o Added mount_sysctlfs(8), to support browsing, querying, and modifying the sysctl(3) hierarchy. o Added refuse(3) for FUSE compatibility functionality, layered on top of puffs(3). o Added the user kernel file system library, ukfs(3), for standalone file system access. o Added p2k(3), a puffs(3) to kernel vfs adaption library. o puffs(4): Added support for NFS exporting puffs file servers. o Added 32 bit UID/GID support for ext2fs. o Added a newfs_ext2fs(8) utility to create Ext2 file systems. o /proc is now mounted by default. Extended the Linux emulation of /proc to include /proc/stat, /proc/loadavg, and /proc//statm. Linux compatibility mode is now the default. Use -o nolinux if Linux compatibility is not desired. o Write speed to FAT file systems was significantly increased and the 255 head limit was removed. o Imported FreeBSD's unionfs. o fsck_ext2fs(8), fsck_ffs(8), fsck_lfs(8): Disable userid to username lookups by default and add -U flag to perform them. o scan_ffs(8): Added -b option to search a partition for valid alter- nate superblocks. o fsck_ffs(8): Added -x/-X options, which allow running fsck_ffs -n on a snapshot of a live filesystem. Security o Added support for per-user /tmp. See security(8). o Added support for ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) in the kernel and dynamic linker. See security(8). o Added an opencrypto(9) provider for VIA ACE (AES encryption instruc- tions). o Added nsp(4), a driver for NetOctave NSP2000, contributed by NBMK Encryption Technologies, ported from vendor FreeBSD SDK and inte- grated with opencrypto by Coyote Point Systems. o opencrypto(9): Improved performance by adding asynchronous operation and batched submit/retrieve of requests/results. Contributed by Coy- ote Point Systems. o cgd(4): Changed the default IV to encblkno1, which is faster without a real loss of security. o openssl(1): Enabled support for Camellia. Drivers o Audio: - Added pad(4), a pseudo-audio device driver for feeding back raw PCM data to userland. - Added sgsmix(4), a driver for the SGS 7433 mixer found in some G3 Macs. - umidi(4): Added support for Roland UA25, UA4FX, and SonicCell devices. - dbri(4): Added support for audio input. - auvia(4) now works on big endian machines. - azalia(4): AD1984 support was greatly improved. Added support for Realtek ALC662-GR and ALC269 codecs, which are found in EeePCs. Added support for ALC268. - auich(4): Fixed a clock accounting problem that prevented detect- ing sample rates correctly. o Hardware Monitoring: - Imported envsys2, which brings, among other things, the ability to send events to powerd(8). See envsys(4) and sysmon_envsys(9). - Added support for hardware monitoring on Sun Ultra Enterprise 450. - Added aiboost(4), a driver for the ASUS AI Booster ACPI Hardware monitor. - Added smsc(4), a driver for the hardware monitoring portion of the SMSC LPC47B397. - Added aps(4), a driver for the IBM Thinkpad Active Protection System. - Added coretemp(4), a driver for Intel Core (and newer) on-die thermal sensors. - Added finsio(4), a driver for various Fintek Super I/O chips. - Added amdtemp(4), a driver for AMD CPU on-die thermal sensors. - Added dbcool(4), a driver for Analog Devices dbCool chips includ- ing ADT7460, ADT7463, ADT7467, and ADM1030. - Added alipm(4), a driver for the Acer Labs M7101 Power Management Controller. - Added admtemp(4), a driver for the Analog Devices ADM1021 temper- ature sensor. - viaenv(4): Added support for VIA VT8231. - nsclpcsio(4): Added support for the VLM logical device. - lm(4): Added an i2c attachment for the LM78 family of temp sensor and fan controllers. o Networking: - Added jme(4), a driver for the JMicron Technologies JME250 Giga- bit Ethernet and JME260 Fast Ethernet controllers. - Added u3g(4), a driver for many multi-port 3G datacards. - Added iwn(4), a driver for the Intel Wireless LAN 4965AGN adapter. - Added zyd(4), a driver for ZyDAS ZD1211/ZD1211B USB IEEE 802.11b/g wireless network devices. - Added uhmodem(4), a driver for 3G wireless modems including Huawei E220 and E620, E-mobile D01HW and D02HW, and NTT DoCoMo a2502. - Added lii(4), a driver for the Atheros L2 Fast Ethernet con- troller. - Added btuart(4), a driver for Bluetooth HCI UART (H4). - Firmware images are now shipped for ipw(4), iwi(4), wpi(4), and iwn(4). For ipw(4) and iwi(4), the Intel EULA has to be accepted via sysctl(8). - fxp(4): Fixed some TX timeout and RX pool corruption problems. Added a workaround for a hardware ip4csum-tx bug. - bge(4): Added support for BCM5786 and BCM5906(M). Fixed fiber card support. - nfe(4): Added support for NVIDIA MCP67/73 Ethernet controllers. Fixed wakeup issues on some newer chips. Fixed a problem with receiving jumbo frames. - btbc(4): Added support for AnyCom BlueCard devices. - rum(4): Added support for MELCO WLI-U2-SG54HP, PLANEX GW- US54Mini2, COREGA CG-WLUSB2GL and K.K. CG-WLUSB2GPX, and ABOCOM WUG2700. - makphy(4): Added support for Marvell 88E1116 Gigabit PHY. - gem(4): Added support for Sun PCI SX fiber cards and Sun SBus SX fiber cards. - wm(4): Added support for the Intel PRO/1000 PT Quad Port Server Adapter. Fixed a bug on receiving a jumbo frame which lead to a panic in sbcompress(). Added support for more ICH9 devices. Fixed an EEPROM-trashing bug on ICH8 and ICH9 chipsets. - udav(4): Added support for Shantou ADM8515. - brgphy(4): Added support for BCM5708C. - re(4): Made hardware vlan(4) insertion/extraction work properly. Added support for the Realtek 8102E/8102EL PCIe 10/100 Ethernet adapters, as well as the 8111C chips that are found on many Intel-based motherboards. - sk(4), msk(4): Fixed a lock panic on receiving jumbo packets. - msk(4): Fixed a Yukon EC Ultra cold power up issue. - bnx(4): Added support for SerDes controllers. - vge(4): Added ifconfig down and ALTQ support. o Storage: - Added arcmsr(4), a driver for Areca Technology Corporation SATA RAID controllers. - Added siisata(4), a driver for Silicon Image SteelVine SATA-II controllers (SiI3124, SiI3132, and SiI3531). - isp(4): Major update, including 4Gb (24XX) card support and new firmware sets. - piixide(4): Added support for ICH10. - ahcisata(4): Added support for ATAPI devices. - svwsata(4): Added support for ServerWorks HT-1000 SATA con- troller. - njata(4): Added support for Workbit CF32A CF adapter. - viaide(4): Added support for VIA CX700, CX700M2, NVIDIA MCP67, and MCP73/77 controllers. - mfi(4): Added support for LSI SAS1078 and Dell PERC 6 con- trollers. - mpt(4): Fixed performance problems for old revisions of the Sym- bios 53c1030. - cac(4): Added initial bio(4) support; only volume status is han- dled at this time. - siop(4): Added support for the non-PCI NCR 53c720/770 in big- endian mode. - twa(4): Added support for 3ware 9650 and 9690, based on contribu- tions from Wasabi Systems. - ciss(4): Added bio(4) support. - ataraid(4): Added NVIDIA MediaShield, JMicron RAID, and Intel MatrixRAID support. Added support for status reports through bio(4). - ixpide(4): Added support for ATI SB700/SB800 controllers. - aac(4): Added support for raw I/O mode and >2TB. - umass(4): Added support for Sony GPS GPS-CS1. Fixed a panic on device removal. - aic(4): Worked around an rbus resource allocation problem so that aic PCMCIA cards work again. - Implemented DIOCACHESYNC for RAIDframe, vnd(4), and cgd(4). - rccide: Added support for the ServerWorks HT-1000 IDE controller. - wd33c93: Enabled Fast SCSI transfers for WD33C93B parts with appropriate input clocks. o USB: - Added uvideo(4), a driver for USB Video Class capture devices, from Patrick Mahoney's Google Summer of Code 2008 project. - Added uslsa(4), a driver for CP210x USB-RS232 devices. - Added uchcom(4), a driver for WinChipHead CH341/340 and HL-340 USB-Serial adapters. - Added uberry(4), a driver to allow RIM BlackBerries to charge from the USB port. - Added appropriate bus_dmamap_sync(9) calls to uhci(4), ohci(4), and ehci(4) to prevent the CPU from reordering loads and stores against DMA descriptors. This fixes ``host controller process error/host controller halted'' errors. - ehci(4): Added isochronous transfer support, contributed by Jeremy Morse as part of his Google Summer of Code 2008 project. - ukbd(4): Added support for function keys F16 through F19. - uplcom(4): Added support for Willcom WS002IN PHS and SMART Tech- nologies-badged devices. Recognize Corega CG-USBRS232R as a serial device. - ugensa(4): Added support for Novatel Wireless Merlin CMDA and Ovation U727. - ubsa(4): Added support for CDMA modems sold by Eurotel/O2. - uftdi(4): Added support for Sealevel SeaPORT+4 USB to Serial adapter. - slhci(4): Replaced with Matthew Orgass's driver. o Graphics and Video: - Switched to X.Org on amd64, i386, macppc, sgimips, shark, and sparc64. - Added video(4), a video4linux2 compatible capture interface, part of Patrick Mahoney's Google Summer of Code 2008 project. - Added uvideo(4), a driver for USB Video Class capture devices, from Patrick Mahoney's Google Summer of Code 2008 project. - Added pseye(4), a driver for the Sony PLAYSTATION(R) Eye USB web- cam. - Added genfb(4), a generic framebuffer console driver with PCI and SBus frontends. - Added AGPv3 support to VIA AGP driver. - Added support for Fujitsu AG-10e graphics cards. - Added r128fb, an accelerated console driver for ATI Rage 128 graphics controllers. - Added isv(4), a driver for the IDEC Supervision/16 image capture board. - wscons(4): Added scrollback support to vcons. - cgfourteen(4): Added support for wscons. - agp(4): Added support for ALI M1689, MB i965Q, Intel Q33/35/G33, Intel 945GME, and Intel 946GZ. - bktr(4) now works on amd64. o Miscellaneous: - Added pud(4), a driver that makes it possible to implement block and character devices in userspace. - Added spdmem(4), a Serial Presence Detect driver that decodes technical specs stored in the eeprom on common types of memory modules. - Added bcsp(4) to support the BlueCore Serial Protocol. - Added thinkpad(4), a driver to support IBM/Lenovo Thinkpad hotkeys, brightness controls, and temperature and fan monitoring. - Added gcscpcib(4), a driver for the AMD CS5535 and CS5536 Compan- ion Device with support for the timecounter, watchdog timer, and GPIO. - Added ichsmb(4), a driver for Intel ICH SMBus controllers. - Added asus(4), a driver for ASUS ACPI hotkeys as found in the EeePC. - Added acpidalb(4), a driver for PNP0C32 ACPI hotkeys, aka the Direct Application Launch Buttons. - Added hpqlb(4), a driver for hotkeys on some HP notebooks. - adb(4): New and simplified MI ADB drivers. - ichlpcib(4): Added support for the TCO (watchdog) on ICH6 or newer chipsets. Now runs on EM64T systems as well. - itesio(4): Added support for the watchdog timer. - ulpt(4): Implemented non-blocking read. - puc(4): Added support for the I-O DATA RSA-PCI 2 port serial board, Digi International 4 and 8 port boards, and B&B Electron- ics MIPort serial boards. - piixpm(4): Added support for ATI SB600, SB700, and SB800 SMBus controllers. - wscons(4): Added support for the Colemak keyboard layout. - com(4): Added support for PCMCIA Sierra Wireless Aircard 850. - nfsmb(4): Added support for numerous NVIDIA chipsets. Platforms o x86 (i386, amd64): - Removed GENERIC.MP and made MULTIPROCESSOR mandatory. - Enabled BUFQ_PRIOCSCAN in GENERIC for better responsiveness under heavy disk I/O. - Added fatboot, a sub-512 byte bootloader that can be written into the first sector of a FAT16 file system. - Added support for enhanced speedstep on Intel Atom CPUs. - Added a High Precision Event Timer driver. - Merged amd64 and i386 pmap. Large pages are always used if avail- able. - Added support for the Intel 82G965 chipset. - Added boot.cfg(5) to configure the bootloader. - The boot menu now allows disabling ACPI and/or SMP. - Added support for ACPI S3 (suspend-to-RAM) on MP systems. - Added mbr(8) variants that directly access serial ports. - It is now possible on some systems to get to a ddb(4) session on a VGA console if the system crashed while X11 was running. - Added detection of errata for AMD Family 10h steppings A and 2. - Added checks for erratum 261 on AMD Family 10h stepping 3 proces- sors. - boot(8): Added support for the multiboot protocol. This allows booting Xen without GRUB. - The kernel now recognizes CD-ROMs as booted devices. - Added an Intel On Demand Clock Modulation driver. o i386: - Removed support for 80386 level CPUs. - Added support for Microsoft Xbox. - Added cmos(4), a driver for CMOS RAM. - Added support for VIA Esther. - i386 bootblocks are now able to boot amd64 kernels and support for a.out kernels has been removed. - Removed pccons. - Added support for sparse kernel core dumps. - Removed the MATH_EMULATE option. - Added the i386-specific COMPAT_30_PTHREAD option, which restores binary compatibility with netbsd-3 libpthread. o amd64: - Added support for PCI_BUS_FIXUP and PCI_ADDR_FIXUP kernel options. o acorn32: - Added support for Kinetic cards. - Fixed up boot32 to work on A7000+. o algor: - Fixed a delay(9) issue and now the P5064 kernel works in gxemul. o alpha: - Make dynamic executables work under compat_osf1(8) again. o amiga: - Added a wdc(4) frontend for the buddha and catweazle Z2 hardware. o arc: - Added support for booting from UFS2 partitions. - Added sysinst(8) support. o arm: - Added armv6 kernel support. - Added arm32 support for kernel crashdumps. - Added VFP support. - Added AT91 support. - Added FA526 support. - Added the missing kernel bits that kept eeprom(8) from actually changing firmware settings. o atari: - Fixed the sysinst miniroot image and retired the old miniroot. - Fixed a hang on loading md_root from floppy during installation. - Many pmap bugs were fixed and it was synced with amiga's pmap. - Fixed a lost interrupt problem on Falcon wdc(4). - Renamed the BOOT kernel to SMALL030 and removed BOOTX. - Added support for installation from GEMDOS partitions. - Fixed an ncr5380 SCSI freezing problem that occurred during boot. o bebox: - Converted to generic powerpc PCI and ISA frameworks. - Added support for genfb(4). o cobalt: - Added sysinst(8) support. - Added support for booting from UFS2 partitions. - Added support for booting from Ext2fs partitions. - Added netboot support for 21041 on Qube 2700. - Startup and shutdown messages, as well as a banner and kernel name are now printed on the LCD panel. - Added kernel and bootloader support for optional Z85C30 serial on Qube 2700. - Fixed a botched spl(9) bug which could cause a network freeze on traffic between two network interfaces. o evbarm: - Added support for the Cortina Systems SL3516 evaluation board. - Added support for NPE Ethernet found on IXP425 boards. - Added a PXA2x0 RTC driver. o evbmips: - Added support for Infineon ADM5120. o evbppc: - Added support for Xilinx Virtex II-Pro/4-FX. - Converted PM/PPC to generic powerpc clock, PCI, and interrupt frameworks. - Fixed sysinst to refer to the proper WALNUT and OPENBLOCKS266 kernels. o hp700: - Added support for booting from CD-ROM images. - Fixed kernel profiling. - Kernels are now compiled with -O2. - Added gdb(1) support. - Added bootinfo support. - Added support for NCR 53C720. o hpcmips: - Fixed a silent hangup problem on TX3922 machines. o ibmnws: - Converted to generic powerpc clock, PCI, and interrupt frame- works. o landisk: - Added sysinst(8) support. - Fixed MD bus_dmamap_load(9) so that NFS write works with re(4). o mac68k: - Added support for more NuBus video cards, including VillageTronic MacPicasso 340. - Added support for Creative Systems Inc Hurdler CPI NuBus parallel printer card. - Switched sn(4) to use the MI SONIC driver. o macppc: - Switched to generic powerpc interrupt, clock, PCI, bus_dma(9), bus_space(9), SMP, and IPI frameworks. - genfb(4) is now the default framebuffer. - Switched to the new ADB subsystem. - Added support for bus speed control found in some Intrepid-based laptops like the 800MHz iBook G4. - Converted to shared ofw_autoconf. - Converted to shared powerpc major numbers. - Added an experimental Apple UniNorth AGP driver. o mvmeppc: - Converted to generic powerpc clock/PCI/interrupt frameworks. o m68k: - Fixed a panic in FPE code caused by 040/060 specific FDADD instructions on 020/030 machines. - gcc(1): Fix jump table addressing in the M68k codegen. - Fixed floating point handling regressions. o ofppc: - Completely rewrote the ofppc port from scratch. - Added support for the bplan/Genesi Pegasos II. - Added support for the IBM 7044-270. - Added support for the IBM 7046-B50. - Added install support and booting from RAID. - Fixed ofwboot to work on an IBM CHRP-based RS/6000. - Added support for SMP. o pmppc: - Removed pmppc as a port and moved it under evbppc. o powerpc: - Added a generic interrupt handler framework. - Added generic shared timecounter-based clock routines. - Added shared PReP memory maps. - Added generic powerpc OpenFirmware code. - Added a generic powerpc IPI framework. - Added new generic powerpc SMP support framework. - Added tuned assembler from IBM for memcpy(3), memmove(3), and memcmp(3). - Added booted_kernel and booted_device sysctl. - Added the missing kernel bits that kept eeprom(8) from actually changing firmware settings. o prep: - Switched to generic powerpc PCI, ISA, interrupt, clock, IPI, and SMP frameworks. - Added support for the MTX604 RAVEN based machine. Other RAVEN based machines are also likely to work now. - Added support for floppy controller/drive. o sandpoint: - Switched to generic powerpc interrupt, clock, PCI, and ISA frame- works. - Added a DHCP/NFS bootloader. - Converted to shared powerpc major numbers. o sgimips: - Added support for the SGI O2 PS/2 controller macekbc(4), onboard display adapter crmfb(4), and audio driver mavb(4). - Added support for Set Engineering's GIO Fast Ethernet board: tl(4). - Added support for the SGI Light/Entry/Starter LG1/LG2 frame- buffers found in Indigo systems: light(4). - Added support for the sq(4) interface on the Challenge S's IOPLUS mezzanine. - Added support for booting from UFS2 partitions. - Many bug fixes and improvements to the MAC-110 Ethernet driver found in the O2. o sh3: - Implemented fast path TLB miss handling. - Fixed compilation of native sh3 gcc on 64-bit build machines. - Added support for single-stepping in ddb(4). o shark: - Added dhclient(8) to the install disk image. - The installation disk now uses wscons. - Removed pccons, which has been obsoleted by wscons(4). - X works again on revision 4 machines. o sparc: - Added support for booting from UFS2 partitions. - Added support for Sun PGX32 / TechSource Raptor GFX 8P to genfb(4). o sparc64: - SMP now works. - Fixed boot device matching on U5/U10 machines to properly distin- guish cd0 from wd0. o vax: - Turned on generation of PIC code. - Added an accelerated driver for SPX graphics cards found in some VAXstations. - Fixed Unibus support on VAX11/780 and 8600 models. o xen: - Added support for amd64, both as dom0 and domU. - Added support for the i386 PAE extension to Xen3 domU. - Fixed PCI_BUS_FIXUP/PCI_ADDR_FIXUP support. o zaurus: - Added the zaurus port, with support for Sharp C3x00 PDAs. - Allow Zaurus screen to rotate 90 degrees to a usable state with the keyboard. - Added support for detecting the AC adapter and charging the bat- tery. - Added sysinst(8) support. Userland o 3rd party software updates: - ACPICA 20080321 - am-utils 6.2a3 - BIND 9.5.0-P2 - file 4.26 - GNU gcc 4.1.3-20080831 - GNU gdb 6.5 on all ports - IPFilter 4.1.29 - (n)awk 20070501 - NTP 4.2.4p6 - nvi 1.81 - openpam 20071221 - OpenSSH 5.0p1 - OpenSSL SNAP-20080509 - PF from OpenBSD 4.2 - Postfix 2.5.4 - texinfo 4.8 o Libraries: - pthread(3): o Major overhaul, resulting in many performance and stability improvements. o Added POSIX real-time extensions. o Diagnostic assertions are now disabled by default. Applica- tion errors will be reported only by error return from pthread APIs. The assertions can be re-enabled by setting the PTHREAD_DIAGASSERT environment variable as desired. o Added a PTHREAD__COMPAT build flag which creates a libpthread that can be dropped into a NetBSD 2/3/4 chroot and used on a kernel without scheduler activations support. - Replaced the default malloc(3) with jemalloc, bringing a signifi- cant performance boost for many threaded workloads that make heavy use of malloc. - curses(3): o Merged wide curses work done by Ruibiao Qui as a Google Sum- mer of Code project. o Added termattrs(3) and term_attrs(3). o Added getwin(3) and putwin(3). - util(3): o Added estrndup(3). o Added raise_default_signal(3). - Added C99 complex support (float/double) to math(3). - proplib(3): o Implemented prop_dictionary_make_immutable(3). o Added prop_array_util(3) functions. - libc: o Added dehumanize_number(3). o Added posix_memalign(3). o Replaced O(nm) versions of strspn(3), strcspn(3), and strpbrk(3) with O(n+m) implementations. o Added getlogin_r(2). o Added the C99 functions imaxabs(3) and imaxdiv(3). o Enabled atomic_ops(3) in userspace. o queue(3): Added TAILQ_CONCAT() and STAILQ_CONCAT(). - Added libgcov. o Imported bozohttpd, a small HTTP server. See httpd(8). o Imported dhcpcd 4.0.10. o Imported openldap 2.4.11. o Added rump(3), the Runnable Userspace Meta Program framework. Allows running kernel code in userspace applications. o Added cpuctl(8), a utility that allows placing CPUs online/offline. o Added schedctl(8), a program to control scheduling of processes and threads. o Added psrset(8), a utility to control processor sets. o Added atf(7), the Automated Testing Framework, Julio M. Merino Vidal's 2007 Google Summer of Code project. o Added newgrp(1), a utility to change effective group ID. o Added tcpdrop(8), a utility to drop tcp(4) connections. o Added acpitools from FreeBSD: acpidump(8) and amldb(8). o Added dkscan_bsdlabel(8) to scan disks for BSD disklabels. o Added btkey(1), a utility to manage Bluetooth link keys in OS and device storage. o Added svhlabel(8), a tool to update disklabel(5) from SGI Volume Header, like mbrlabel(8) for MBR labels. o Added pcc(1) as an alternative compiler. o Added btpand(8), a Bluetooth Personal Area Networking profile daemon. o Added c99(1) as a wrapper to run cc(1) in C99 mode. o Added support for Solaris $ORIGIN etc. expansions in paths. o Added BUILDSEED support to build.sh to yield reproducible C++ builds. o Added support for ``cc -m32'' on amd64 and sparc64 to generate 32 bit binaries. 32bit libraries are now provided on these two ports. o ld(1) can now link 32bit objects on amd64. o vi(1) has been updated to nvi 1.81, which supports internationaliza- tion. It also grew a new NetBSD-specific expandtab option. o pkill(1): Added the -l (long format) option. o find(1): Added the -delete and -E (extended regex) options. o xargs(1): Replaced with FreeBSD's while keeping our GNU compatible exit values. o sdiff(1): Replaced by OpenBSD's sdiff(1). o pax(1): Added a -V flag for verbose summary without listing. o top(1): Allow a single process to be selected by pid. Added a thread mode that displays LWPs. o scsictl(8): Added a setspeed command. o split(1): Added a new option ``-n chunk_count'' that splits the input into chunk_count smaller files. o df(1): Fixed the -P option and added the -g (gigabytes) option. o wtf(6) now searches pkgsrc's help database when called inside a pack- age directory. o atactl(8): Improved SATA support. o wlanctl(8): Added a -p flag that only prints public nodes. o btconfig(8): Added a new ``rssi'' option to toggle inquiry results with RSSI. o ifconfig(8): Added ``list scan'' to ifconfig, which lists access points in the neighborhood. o newsyslog.conf(5) gained a ``J'' flag to bzip2 logfiles. o fdisk(8) now reports the first active partition. o bioctl(8) was rewritten to handle new features like creating and removing hot-spares, pass-through disks and RAID volumes, start/stop consistency checks in volumes. o savecore(8) now uses the raw device to read crashdumps. o make(1): Implemented ``-dl'' (aka LOUD) to override ``@'' at the start of script lines. o monop(6): The save and restore format changed, breaking compatibility with already broken previous save files. o iconv(1) now allows SUSv3 syntax. o lint(1): Added _Complex support. o ftp(1): Added epsv6 and epsv to disable extended passive mode. o getent(1): Added support for ``netgroup'' databases. o ypserv(8): Disabled libwrap address to hostname lookups to avoid the chance of ypserv blocking for an extended period of time due to a long DNS timeout. o postfix(1): Enabled LDAP support for tables. o amd(8): Enabled LDAP support for maps. o newfs(8): Added support for the ``t'' (terabytes) suffix. o grep(1): A warning is now printed if ``-r'' is used without specify- ing an argument. o db(1): Added support for encoding or decoding VIS_HTTPSTYLE, and for tuning the page size of the database. o daily.conf(5): Added run_fsck_flags to allow passing extra options to the daily fsck -n. o sysinst(8) now supports the Colemak and Dvorak keyboard layouts. o od(1) Added support for the ``-A addressformat'' flag. o etcupdate(8): Removed the ``-b binarydir'' and ``-s srcdir/etc'' options which were deprecated in NetBSD-4.0. Deprecate the ``-s tgz1:tgz2'' option; please use ``-s tgz1 -s tgz2'' instead. o postinstall(8): Deprecated the ``-s tgz1:tgz2'' option; please use ``-s tgz1 -s tgz2'' instead. o sed(1): Added the -r flag, which is an alias for -E, to be compatible with GNU sed. o patch(1): Merged improved version from DragonFly. patch -b now behaves as specified by POSIX. o rc.conf(5): ifconfig_xxN variables may now have multi-line values, just like /etc/ifconfig.xxN files, and semicolons may be used instead of line breaks. o ls(1): -n now implies -l. o ps(1): Added the -A option, to display information about all pro- cesses. Use ``O'' for LSONPROC like Solaris instead of bundling LSIDL, LSRUN, and LSONPROC to ``R''. o ksh(1): Fixed POSIX mode interpretation of backslashes inside back- quotes inside double quotes. o makefs(8): Made the allow-multidot option for cd9660 useful. o restore(8) now works on Linux dump volumes, by ignoring extended attribute records on these volumes. o Added an rc.d(8) script for rndctl(8). o MAKEDEV(8) now creates /dev rather than init(8). o MAKEDEV(8) now uses mtree(8) in preference to pax(1) and mknod(8), making node creation more efficient, and mount_tmpfs(8) in preference to mount_mfs(8) when creating a memory file system. o MAKEDEV.local(8) can now use functions defined in MAKEDEV(8). Besides this list, there have also been innumerable bug fixes and miscel- laneous enhancements. Components removed from NetBSD In this release of NetBSD, the following software components have been removed from the system. Some were not useful anymore, or their utility did not justify the maintenance overhead. Others were not working prop- erly and there was a lack of interest in fixing them. o The pc532 port. o Support for systrace. o HP-UX binary compatibility. o The esl driver. o Support for NQNFS. o The TPCONS option in netiso. Known Problems Using block device nodes directly for I/O may cause a kernel crash when the file system containing /dev is FFS and is mounted with -o log. Work- around: use raw disk devices, or remount the file system without -o log. Occassionally, gdb may cause a process that is being debugged to hang when ``single stepped''. Workaround: kill and restart the affected process. gdb cannot debug running threaded programs correctly. Workaround: gener- ate a core file from the program using gcore(1) and pass the core to gdb, instead of debugging the running program. Statically linked binaries using pthreads are currently broken. Certain early revision AMD Opteron and Athlon 64 processors contain a bug that may cause system instability when running with more than one CPU core active. An OS-level workaround for this issue has been prepared but was not ready in time for inclusion in NetBSD 5.0. It will be available as part of a later release in the 5.0 series. Large filesystems (over 2TB) may sometimes falsely claim to be out of space. A fix for this is available, but was not made in time for 5.0. It will be available as part of a later release in the 5.0 series. The sparc port does not have functional SMP support in this release. Features to be removed in a later release The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: o Support for soft dependencies, also knows as soft updates (see ``softdep'' in mount(8)) will be removed in the next major release. NetBSD 5.0_STABLE includes a preview of WAPBL (Write Ahead Physical Block Logging), which will replace soft dependencies in the next major release. See wapbl(4) and http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-announce/2008/12/14/msg000051.html for details. o Support for Xen 2.0.x. The Xen-3 and hypervisor interface is diverg- ing from Xen-2 as development is ongoing, increasing the maintenance cost for NetBSD. It is expected that the netbsd-5 branch will get support for PCI pass-though to domUs before the Xen-2 support is removed from HEAD. It should be considered as deprecated. Users are expected to not rely on it any more beyond this major release. Further, at least version 3.1 of Xen will be required to run NetBSD as Dom0 or DomU. The NetBSD Foundation The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corpora- tion that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''. It sup- ports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: http://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/ Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ NetBSD 5.0_STABLE Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 5.0_STABLE release is organized as fol- lows: .../NetBSD-5.0_STABLE/ CHANGES Changes between the 4.0 and 5.0 releases. CHANGES-5.0 Changes between the initial 5.0 branch and final release of 5.0. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 5.0_STABLE has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 82 MB gzipped, 422 MB uncompressed sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. 7 MB gzipped, 29 MB uncompressed src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 5.0_STABLE sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. 58 MB gzipped, 284 MB uncompressed syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 5.0_STABLE kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. 36 MB gzipped, 180 MB uncompressed xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 133 MB gzipped, 699 MB uncompressed All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/amd64 subdirectory structure The amd64-specific portion of the NetBSD 5.0_STABLE release is found in the amd64 subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-5.0_STABLE/amd64/. It contains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. netbsd-INSTALL.gz The installation kernel. netbsd-INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU.gz netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz netbsd-XEN3_DOMU.gz sets/ amd64 binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ cdrom/ amd64 bootable cdrom images; see below. floppy/ amd64 boot and installation floppies; see below. misc/ Miscellaneous amd64 installation utilities; see installation section below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD amd64 binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 5.0_STABLE release for amd64. The binary distribution sets can be found in the amd64/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 5.0_STABLE distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 5.0_STABLE amd64 base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini- mally functional. 34 MB gzipped, 100 MB uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 58 MB gzipped, 218 MB uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 4 MB gzipped, 8 MB uncompressed kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/amd64 5.0_STABLE GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. 5 MB gzipped, 13 MB uncompressed man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 12 MB gzipped, 50 MB uncompressed misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable doc- ument set, and other files from /usr/share. 4 MB gzipped, 13 MB uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 4 MB gzipped, 11 MB uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. 8 MB gzipped, 24 MB uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. 16 MB gzipped, 62 MB uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. 32 MB gzipped, 74 MB uncompressed xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed xserver The X server. 14 MB gzipped, 44 MB uncompressed The amd64 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. Note: Each directory in the amd64 binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/amd64 System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD/amd64 supports CPUs that implement the 64bit AMD64 architecture. These currently include AMD Opteron, AMD Athlon64, and Intel CPUs that implement the EM64T extension. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Note that if you are installing or upgrading from writable media, it can be write-protected if you wish. These systems mount a root image from inside the kernel, and will not need to write to the media. If you booted from a floppy, the floppy disk may be removed from the drive after the system has booted. Installation is supported from several media types, including: o CD-ROM / DVD o MS-DOS floppy o FTP o Remote NFS partition o Tape o Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the var- ious media are outlined below. CD-ROM / DVD Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM or DVD. Likely locations are binary/sets and amd64/binary/sets. Proceed to the instructions on installation. MS-DOS floppy NetBSD does not include split distribution sets for installation by floppy. However, they can be created on a separate machine using the split(1) command, running e.g. split -b 235k base.tgz base. to split the base.tgz file from amd64/binary/sets into files named base.aa, base.ab, and so on. Repeat this for all set_name.tgz files, split- ting them into set_name.xx files. Count the number of set_name.xx files that make up the distribution sets you want to install or upgrade. You will need one sixth that number of 1.44 MB floppies. Format all of the floppies with MS-DOS. Do not make any of them bootable MS-DOS floppies, i.e. don't use format /s to format them. (If the floppies are bootable, then the MS-DOS system files that make them bootable will take up some space, and you won't be able to fit the distribution set parts on the disks.) If you're using floppies that are formatted for MS-DOS by their manufacturers, they probably aren't bootable, and you can use them out of the box. Place all of the set_name.xx files on the MS-DOS disks. Once you have the files on MS-DOS disks, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the sec- tion on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. FTP The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. If you don't have access to a functioning nameserver during installation, the IPv4 address of ftp.NetBSD.org is 204.152.190.13 and the IPv6 address is 2001:4f8:3:7:230:48ff:fe31:43f2 (as of April, 2009). Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will proba- bly require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easi- est way to do so is probably something like: # tar -cf tape_device dist_directories where tape_device is the name of the tape device that describes the tape drive you're using; possibly /dev/rst0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to sys- tem. (If you can't figure it out, ask your system admin- istrator.) In the above example, dist_directories are the distribution sets' directories, for the distribution sets you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kern-GENERIC, base, and etc distributions on tape (in order to do the absolute minimum installation to a new disk), you would do the following: # cd .../NetBSD-5.0_STABLE # cd amd64/binary # tar -cf tape_device kern-GENERIC base etc Note: You still need to fill in tape_device in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation It is strongly recommended that as part of the installation procedure, you upgrade your system's BIOS to the latest version available from your system vendor. Later BIOSes often contain workarounds for CPU and chipset bugs, workarounds that cannot be provided by the operating sys- tem. In the past, bugs fixed this way have been known to cause unpredictable behaviour and frequent system crashes with NetBSD and other UNIX-like operating systems on x86 hardware. Installing the NetBSD System Running the sysinst installation program 1. Introduction Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it in hand when doing the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. Possible hardware problems Should you encounter hardware problems during installation, try rebooting after unplugging removable devices you don't need for installation. Non-removable devices can be disabled with userconf (use boot -c to enter it). 3. General The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk. sysinst is a menu driven installation system that allows for some freedom in doing the installation. Sometimes, questions will be asked and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the /sysinst pro- gram from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 4. Quick install First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD-ROM install as an example. o What you need. - The distribution sets (in this example, they are on CD). - A CD-ROM drive (SCSI or ATAPI), and a hard disk. - The hard disk should have at least 200 + n megabytes of space free, where n is the number of megabytes of main mem- ory in your system. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 215 MB more. o The Quick Installation - Insert the CD into the drive and boot the computer. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-5.0_STABLE Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. - If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi- ately by choosing the Utility menu and then Configure network. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. - Choose install. - You will be guided through some steps regarding the setup of your disk, and the selection of distributed components to install. When in doubt, refer to the rest of this document for details. - After your disk has been prepared, choose CD-ROM as the medium. The default values for the path and device should be ok. - After all the files have been unpacked, go back to the main menu and select reboot. - NetBSD will now boot. If you haven't already done so in sysinst, you should log in as root and set a password for that account. You are also advised to edit /etc/rc.conf to match your needs. - Your installation is now complete. 5. Booting NetBSD Boot your machine. The boot loader will start, and will print a countdown and begin booting. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first IDE disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 6. Network configuration If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the Utility menu and select the Configure network option. If you only want to temporarily use net- working during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 7. Installation drive selection and parameters To start the installation, select Install NetBSD to hard disk from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. sysinst will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like sd0 or sd1. 8. Selecting which sets to install The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, minimal, and custom instal- lations. If you choose sets on your own, base, etc, and a kernel must be selected. 9. Partitioning the disk o Which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, sysinst will check for the presence of other operating systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to over- write these. 10. Editing the NetBSD disklabel The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a disklabel. If your disk already has a disklabel written to it, you can choose Use existing partition sizes. Otherwise, select Set sizes of NetBSD partitions. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD disklabel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD. A swap parti- tion has a special type called swap. You can also specify a parti- tion as type MSDOS. This is useful if you share the disk with MS-DOS or Windows; NetBSD is able to access the files on these par- titions. You can use the values from the MBR for the MS-DOS part of the disk to specify the partition of type MSDOS (you don't have to do this now, you can always re-edit the disklabel to add this once you have installed NetBSD, or use mbrlabel(8) to help you update your disklabel with data from the MBR). Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (/) b Swap partition. c The NetBSD portion of the disk. d The entire disk. e-p Available for other use. Traditionally, e is the par- tition mounted on /usr, but this is historical prac- tice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be ok for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and con- tains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name. 11. Preparing your hard disk You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to pro- ceed, select yes. The install program will now label your disk and make the file sys- tems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installa- tion program after pressing the return key. 12. Getting the distribution sets The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets that come in the form of gzipped tarfiles. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first load the sets on your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is making the sets available for extraction, and then do the actual installation. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of those methods. After reading the one about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 13. Installation from CD-ROM When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0), and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. sysinst will then check if the files are indeed available in the specified location, and proceed to the actual extraction of the sets. 14. Installation using ftp To be able to install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. sysinst will proceed to transfer all the default set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 15. Installation using NFS To be able to install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 16. Installation from an unmounted file system In order to install from a local file system, you will need to spec- ify the device that the file system resides on (for example sd1e) the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. sysinst will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 17. Installation from a local directory This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file sys- tem that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory. 18. Extracting the distribution sets Before extraction begins, you can elect to watch the files being extracted; the name of each file that is extracted will be shown. This can slow down the installation process considerably on machines with slow graphics consoles or serial consoles. Alternatively, you can choose to see a progress bar. This is the preferred option as it shows progress without significantly slowing down the installa- tion process. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already configured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files. The next menu will allow you to select the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC. Finally you will be asked to select a password encryption algorithm and can then set a password for the "root" account, to prevent the machine from coming up without access restrictions. 19. Finalizing your installation Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 5.0_STABLE. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst usually will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_wm0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_wm0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring network and naming service, DHCP can be used by setting dhclient=YES in /etc/rc.conf. Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up include /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 4. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chap- ter about X in the NetBSD Guide: http://netbsd.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the soft- ware may depend. o More information on the package system is available at http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ usually in the amd64/5.0_STABLE/All subdir. You can install them with the following commands under sh(1): # PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/amd64/5.0_STABLE/All # export PKG_PATH # pkg_add -v tcsh # pkg_add -v bash # pkg_add -v perl # pkg_add -v apache # pkg_add -v kde # pkg_add -v firefox ... If you are using csh(1) then replace the first two lines with the following: # setenv PKG_PATH ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/amd64/5.0_STABLE/All Note: Some mirror sites don't mirror the /pub/pkgsrc directory. If you would like to use such mirrors, you could also try the /pub/NetBSD/packages/current-packages/NetBSD/amd64/5.0_STABLE/All directory, which may have the same contents. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. Note: In some cases the pkg_add(1) command will complain about a version mismatch of packages with a message like the following: Warning: package `foo' was built for a different version of the OS: NetBSD/i386 M.N (pkg) vs. NetBSD/i386 5.0_STABLE (this host), This warning is harmless if the formal major release num- bers are the same between the pkg and your host. Please refer to the NetBSD release glossary and graphs at http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/release-map.html for more information about NetBSD's release numbering scheme. o The framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retriev- ing the file ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc.tar.gz It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other loca- tions work fine) with the commands: # cd /usr # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more informa- tion. 6. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o The /etc/postfix/main.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted. If you prefer a different MTA, then install it using pkgsrc or by hand and adjust /etc/mailer.conf. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 5.0_STABLE is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must have one form of boot media available. You must also have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets avail- able. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are over- written in place, you only need additional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root (/) and /usr partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your /etc directory with the new version of NetBSD. Also, file systems are checked before unpacking the sets. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installa- tion part of the document for help. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 5.0_STABLE system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into /dev, and run the command: # sh MAKEDEV all Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the ver- sion of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 5.0_STABLE. The pthread libraries from previous versions of NetBSD require that the sysctl(3) node kern.no_sa_support be set to 0. This affects the follow- ing environments: o Running a 5.0 kernel with an older userland. o Running an older userland inside a chroot'ed environment on a 5.0 system. o Running older statically linked pthread applications. The 5.0 kernel defaults to 0 for kern.no_sa_support, which covers the first case. However, please note that a full installation of 5.0 (either from scratch or through an upgrade) will set kern.no_sa_support to 1 dur- ing the boot process. This means that for the last two cases, you will have to manually set kern.no_sa_support to 0, using either the sysctl(8) command or through sysctl.conf(5). Note that sysinst will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default (see below) will be handled. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 4.x as well. The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by postinstall: o Various files in /etc need upgrading. These include: - /etc/defaults/* - /etc/mtree/* - /etc/daily - /etc/weekly - /etc/monthly - /etc/security - /etc/rc.subr - /etc/rc - /etc/rc.shutdown - /etc/rc.d/* - /etc/envsys.conf The following issues need to be resolved manually: o The users `_proxy', `_rwhod', and `_sdpd' and the groups `_proxy', `_rwhod' and `_sdpd' need to be created and the user `uucp' needs to be updated. o A number of things were removed in the NetBSD 4.0 release, including: the evbsh5 port, the Fortran 77 compiler (g77), NETCCITT, NETNS, Sendmail, Sushi, UUCP, and Vinum. If you were using any of these, please see the "Components removed from NetBSD" at http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/formal-4/NetBSD-4.0.html#removals o The replacement of Sendmail by Postfix can be handled automati- cally by postinstall but it is not done by default. If you want to transition to Postfix, the command postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix mailerconf will update your /etc/mailer.conf file to use Postfix as the MTA. When using sysinst to upgrade the system, it will ask if you want this to be done. Note that if you have a customized Sendmail setup, you need to set up Postfix in an equivalent way; there is no tool for auto- matic conversion of Sendmail configuration to a Postfix one. Postfix will be started automatically when the system boots. You may see messages like "$sendmail is not set properly" at boot. You can suppress them by removing /etc/rc.d/sendmail and /etc/rc.d/smmsp. Those files and other parts of sendmail con- figuration like files under /usr/share/sendmail are not removed by default while upgrading for those who want to continue using sendmail from outside the base system. If you want to delete them, postinstall can be used: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix sendmail Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by postinstall: o Various files in /etc need upgrading. These include: - /etc/defaults/* - /etc/mtree/* - /etc/daily - /etc/weekly - /etc/monthly - /etc/security - /etc/rc.subr - /etc/rc - /etc/rc.shutdown - /etc/rc.d/* - /etc/envsys.conf The following issues need to be resolved manually: o The users `_httpd' and `_timedc' and the groups `_httpd' and `_timedc' need to be created. o Unprivileged use of the mount(8) command now requires the nosuid and nodev options to be explicitly specified. Previ- ously, these options were automatically enforced even if they were not explicitly specified. o A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 5.0_STABLE release. See the "Components removed from NetBSD" section near the beginning of this document for a list. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropos(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. See http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ for a web interface. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at http://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The Lulea Academic Computer Society for providing the backup services server. o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the NYC build cluster. o The Western Washington University Computer Science Department for running the WWU build cluster. o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at http://www.NetBSD.org/donations/ (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Alistair Crooks agc@NetBSD.org Quentin Garnier cube@NetBSD.org Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@NetBSD.org Christos Zoulas christos@NetBSD.org The portmasters (and their ports): Erik Berls cyber@NetBSD.org cobalt Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org xen Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org evbmips Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org pmax Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org sbmips Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org atari Marcus Comstedt marcus@NetBSD.org dreamcast Andrew Doran ad@NetBSD.org amd64 Andrew Doran ad@NetBSD.org i386 Matthias Drochner drochner@NetBSD.org cesfic Gavan Fantom gavan@NetBSD.org iyonix Jaime A Fournier ober@NetBSD.org zaurus Matt Fredette fredette@NetBSD.org sun2 Ichiro FUKUHARA ichiro@NetBSD.org hpcarm Chris Gilbert chris@NetBSD.org cats Ben Harris bjh21@NetBSD.org acorn26 Ross Harvey ross@NetBSD.org alpha Nick Hudson skrll@NetBSD.org hp700 Martin Husemann martin@NetBSD.org sparc64 IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@NetBSD.org hpcarm Darrin Jewell dbj@NetBSD.org next68k Soren Jorvang soren@NetBSD.org sgimips Wayne Knowles wdk@NetBSD.org mipsco Takayoshi Kochi kochi@NetBSD.org ia64 Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org sparc Michael Lorenz macallan@NetBSD.org macppc Anders Magnusson ragge@NetBSD.org vax Cherry G. Mathew cherry@NetBSD.org ia64 NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@NetBSD.org x68k Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org luna68k Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org sandpoint Andrey Petrov petrov@NetBSD.org sparc64 Scott Reynolds scottr@NetBSD.org mac68k Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org ofppc Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org prep Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org rs6000 Noriyuki Soda soda@NetBSD.org arc Ignatios Souvatzis is@NetBSD.org amiga Jonathan Stone jonathan@NetBSD.org pmax Shin Takemura takemura@NetBSD.org hpcmips Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org alpha Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org netwinder Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org algor Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org evbarm Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org shark Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org ews4800mips Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org hp300 Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org news68k Valeriy E. Ushakov uwe@NetBSD.org landisk Nathan Williams nathanw@NetBSD.org sun3 Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org evbppc Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org mvme68k Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org mvmeppc Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@NetBSD.org acorn32 The NetBSD 5.0_STABLE Release Engineering team: Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org David Brownlee abs@NetBSD.org James Chacon jmc@NetBSD.org Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.org Liam J. Foy liamjfoy@NetBSD.org John Heasley heas@NetBSD.org Geert Hendrickx ghen@NetBSD.org Soren Jacobsen snj@NetBSD.org Phil Nelson phil@NetBSD.org Jeff Rizzo riz@NetBSD.org NetBSD Developers: Nathan Ahlstrom nra@NetBSD.org Steve Allen wormey@NetBSD.org Jukka Andberg jandberg@NetBSD.org Julian Assange proff@NetBSD.org Lennart Augustsson augustss@NetBSD.org Christoph Badura bad@NetBSD.org Bang Jun-Young junyoung@NetBSD.org Dieter Baron dillo@NetBSD.org Robert V. Baron rvb@NetBSD.org Alan Barrett apb@NetBSD.org Grant Beattie grant@NetBSD.org Jason Beegan jtb@NetBSD.org Erik Berls cyber@NetBSD.org Hiroyuki Bessho bsh@NetBSD.org John Birrell jb@NetBSD.org Mason Loring Bliss mason@NetBSD.org Charles Blundell cb@NetBSD.org Rafal Boni rafal@NetBSD.org Stephen Borrill sborrill@NetBSD.org Sean Boudreau seanb@NetBSD.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org John Brezak brezak@NetBSD.org Allen Briggs briggs@NetBSD.org Mark Brinicombe mark@NetBSD.org Aaron Brown abrown@NetBSD.org Andrew Brown atatat@NetBSD.org David Brownlee abs@NetBSD.org Frederick Bruckman fredb@NetBSD.org Jon Buller jonb@NetBSD.org Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org Robert Byrnes byrnes@NetBSD.org Pavel Cahyna pavel@NetBSD.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@NetBSD.org Daniel Carosone dan@NetBSD.org Dave Carrel carrel@NetBSD.org James Chacon jmc@NetBSD.org Mihai Chelaru kefren@NetBSD.org Bill Coldwell billc@NetBSD.org Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org Ben Collver ben@NetBSD.org Marcus Comstedt marcus@NetBSD.org Jeremy Cooper jeremy@NetBSD.org Chuck Cranor chuck@NetBSD.org Alistair Crooks agc@NetBSD.org Aidan Cully aidan@NetBSD.org Garrett D'Amore gdamore@NetBSD.org Johan Danielsson joda@NetBSD.org John Darrow jdarrow@NetBSD.org Jed Davis jld@NetBSD.org Matt DeBergalis deberg@NetBSD.org Arnaud Degroote degroote@NetBSD.org Rob Deker deker@NetBSD.org Chris G. Demetriou cgd@NetBSD.org Tracy Di Marco White gendalia@NetBSD.org Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@NetBSD.org Andy Doran ad@NetBSD.org Roland Dowdeswell elric@NetBSD.org Emmanuel Dreyfus manu@NetBSD.org Matthias Drochner drochner@NetBSD.org Jun Ebihara jun@NetBSD.org Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.org Jaime A Fournier ober@NetBSD.org Stoned Elipot seb@NetBSD.org Michael van Elst mlelstv@NetBSD.org Enami Tsugutomo enami@NetBSD.org Bernd Ernesti veego@NetBSD.org Erik Fair fair@NetBSD.org Gavan Fantom gavan@NetBSD.org Hauke Fath hauke@NetBSD.org Hubert Feyrer hubertf@NetBSD.org Jason R. Fink jrf@NetBSD.org Matt J. Fleming mjf@NetBSD.org Marty Fouts marty@NetBSD.org Liam J. Foy liamjfoy@NetBSD.org Matt Fredette fredette@NetBSD.org Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@NetBSD.org Castor Fu castor@NetBSD.org Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@NetBSD.org Quentin Garnier cube@NetBSD.org Thomas Gerner thomas@NetBSD.org Simon J. Gerraty sjg@NetBSD.org Justin Gibbs gibbs@NetBSD.org Chris Gilbert chris@NetBSD.org Eric Gillespie epg@NetBSD.org Brian Ginsbach ginsbach@NetBSD.org Paul Goyette pgoyette@NetBSD.org Michael Graff explorer@NetBSD.org Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@NetBSD.org Matthew Green mrg@NetBSD.org Andreas Gustafsson gson@NetBSD.org Ulrich Habel rhaen@NetBSD.org Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@NetBSD.org HAMAJIMA Katsuomi hamajima@NetBSD.org Adam Hamsik haad@NetBSD.org Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@NetBSD.org Charles M. Hannum mycroft@NetBSD.org Ben Harris bjh21@NetBSD.org Ross Harvey ross@NetBSD.org Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@NetBSD.org John Hawkinson jhawk@NetBSD.org HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@NetBSD.org John Heasley heas@NetBSD.org Geert Hendrickx ghen@NetBSD.org Rene Hexel rh@NetBSD.org Iain Hibbert plunky@NetBSD.org Kouichirou Hiratsuka hira@NetBSD.org Michael L. Hitch mhitch@NetBSD.org Adam Hoka ahoka@NetBSD.org Jachym Holecek freza@NetBSD.org David A. Holland dholland@NetBSD.org Christian E. Hopps chopps@NetBSD.org Ken Hornstein kenh@NetBSD.org Marc Horowitz marc@NetBSD.org Eduardo Horvath eeh@NetBSD.org Nick Hudson skrll@NetBSD.org Shell Hung shell@NetBSD.org Martin Husemann martin@NetBSD.org Dean Huxley dean@NetBSD.org Love Hornquist Astrand lha@NetBSD.org Roland Illig rillig@NetBSD.org Bernardo Innocenti bernie@NetBSD.org Tetsuya Isaki isaki@NetBSD.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@NetBSD.org IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@NetBSD.org Matthew Jacob mjacob@NetBSD.org Soren Jacobsen snj@NetBSD.org Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@NetBSD.org Darrin Jewell dbj@NetBSD.org Nicolas Joly njoly@NetBSD.org Chris Jones cjones@NetBSD.org Soren Jorvang soren@NetBSD.org Takahiro Kambe taca@NetBSD.org Masanori Kanaoka kanaoka@NetBSD.org Antti Kantee pooka@NetBSD.org Frank Kardel kardel@NetBSD.org Mattias Karlsson keihan@NetBSD.org KAWAMOTO Yosihisa kawamoto@NetBSD.org Mario Kemper magick@NetBSD.org Min Sik Kim minskim@NetBSD.org Thomas Klausner wiz@NetBSD.org Klaus Klein kleink@NetBSD.org John Klos jklos@NetBSD.org Wayne Knowles wdk@NetBSD.org Takayoshi Kochi kochi@NetBSD.org John Kohl jtk@NetBSD.org Daniel de Kok daniel@NetBSD.org Jonathan A. Kollasch jakllsch@NetBSD.org Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org Lubomir Kundrak lkundrak@NetBSD.org Jochen Kunz jkunz@NetBSD.org Martti Kuparinen martti@NetBSD.org Kentaro A. Kurahone kurahone@NetBSD.org Arnaud Lacombe alc@NetBSD.org Kevin Lahey kml@NetBSD.org David Laight dsl@NetBSD.org Johnny C. Lam jlam@NetBSD.org Martin J. Laubach mjl@NetBSD.org Greg Lehey grog@NetBSD.org Ted Lemon mellon@NetBSD.org Christian Limpach cl@NetBSD.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@NetBSD.org Joel Lindholm joel@NetBSD.org Tonnerre Lombard tonnerre@NetBSD.org Mike Long mikel@NetBSD.org Michael Lorenz macallan@NetBSD.org Warner Losh imp@NetBSD.org Tomasz Luchowski zuntum@NetBSD.org Federico Lupi federico@NetBSD.org Brett Lymn blymn@NetBSD.org Paul Mackerras paulus@NetBSD.org MAEKAWA Masahide gehenna@NetBSD.org Anders Magnusson ragge@NetBSD.org Cherry G. Mathew cherry@NetBSD.org David Maxwell david@NetBSD.org Gregory McGarry gmcgarry@NetBSD.org Dan McMahill dmcmahill@NetBSD.org Jared D. McNeill jmcneill@NetBSD.org Neil J. McRae neil@NetBSD.org Julio M. Merino Vidal jmmv@NetBSD.org Perry Metzger perry@NetBSD.org Luke Mewburn lukem@NetBSD.org Jean-Yves Migeon jym@NetBSD.org Brook Milligan brook@NetBSD.org Minoura Makoto minoura@NetBSD.org Simas Mockevicius symka@NetBSD.org der Mouse mouse@NetBSD.org Joseph Myers jsm@NetBSD.org Ken Nakata kenn@NetBSD.org Takeshi Nakayama nakayama@NetBSD.org Phil Nelson phil@NetBSD.org John Nemeth jnemeth@NetBSD.org Bob Nestor rnestor@NetBSD.org NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@NetBSD.org Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@NetBSD.org Takehiko NOZAKI tnozaki@NetBSD.org Tobias Nygren tnn@NetBSD.org OBATA Akio obache@NetBSD.org Jesse Off joff@NetBSD.org Tatoku Ogaito tacha@NetBSD.org OKANO Takayoshi kano@NetBSD.org Masaru Oki oki@NetBSD.org Atsushi Onoe onoe@NetBSD.org Greg Oster oster@NetBSD.org Rui Paulo rpaulo@NetBSD.org Jonathan Perkin sketch@NetBSD.org Andrey Petrov petrov@NetBSD.org Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@NetBSD.org Matthias Pfaller matthias@NetBSD.org Chris Pinnock cjep@NetBSD.org Adrian Portelli adrianp@NetBSD.org Peter Postma peter@NetBSD.org Dante Profeta dante@NetBSD.org Chris Provenzano proven@NetBSD.org Niels Provos provos@NetBSD.org Mindaugas Rasiukevicius rmind@NetBSD.org Michael Rauch mrauch@NetBSD.org Marc Recht recht@NetBSD.org Darren Reed darrenr@NetBSD.org Jeremy C. Reed reed@NetBSD.org Antoine Reilles tonio@NetBSD.org Tyler R. Retzlaff rtr@NetBSD.org Scott Reynolds scottr@NetBSD.org Michael Richardson mcr@NetBSD.org Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org Alan Ritter rittera@NetBSD.org Jeff Rizzo riz@NetBSD.org Hans Rosenfeld hans@NetBSD.org Gordon Ross gwr@NetBSD.org Steve Rumble rumble@NetBSD.org Ilpo Ruotsalainen lonewolf@NetBSD.org Heiko W. Rupp hwr@NetBSD.org Blair J. Sadewitz bjs@NetBSD.org David Sainty dsainty@NetBSD.org SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@NetBSD.org Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@NetBSD.org Curt Sampson cjs@NetBSD.org Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@NetBSD.org Ty Sarna tsarna@NetBSD.org SATO Kazumi sato@NetBSD.org Jan Schaumann jschauma@NetBSD.org Matthias Scheler tron@NetBSD.org Silke Scheler silke@NetBSD.org Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@NetBSD.org Amitai Schlair schmonz@NetBSD.org Konrad Schroder perseant@NetBSD.org Georg Schwarz schwarz@NetBSD.org Lubomir Sedlacik salo@NetBSD.org Christopher SEKIYA sekiya@NetBSD.org Reed Shadgett dent@NetBSD.org John Shannon shannonjr@NetBSD.org Tim Shepard shep@NetBSD.org Takeshi Shibagaki shiba@NetBSD.org Naoto Shimazaki igy@NetBSD.org Takao Shinohara shin@NetBSD.org Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@NetBSD.org Daniel Sieger dsieger@NetBSD.org Chuck Silvers chs@NetBSD.org Thor Lancelot Simon tls@NetBSD.org Jeff Smith jeffs@NetBSD.org Noriyuki Soda soda@NetBSD.org Wolfgang Solfrank ws@NetBSD.org SOMEYA Yoshihiko someya@NetBSD.org Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@NetBSD.org Jorg Sonnenberger joerg@NetBSD.org Ignatios Souvatzis is@NetBSD.org T K Spindler dogcow@NetBSD.org Bill Squier groo@NetBSD.org Jonathan Stone jonathan@NetBSD.org Bill Studenmund wrstuden@NetBSD.org Kevin Sullivan sullivan@NetBSD.org SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@NetBSD.org Kimmo Suominen kim@NetBSD.org Robert Swindells rjs@NetBSD.org Shin Takemura takemura@NetBSD.org TAMURA Kent kent@NetBSD.org Shin'ichiro TAYA taya@NetBSD.org Ian Lance Taylor ian@NetBSD.org Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org Christoph Toshok toshok@NetBSD.org Greg Troxel gdt@NetBSD.org Tsubai Masanari tsubai@NetBSD.org Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@NetBSD.org Masao Uebayashi uebayasi@NetBSD.org Shuichiro URATA ur@NetBSD.org Valeriy E. Ushakov uwe@NetBSD.org Todd Vierling tv@NetBSD.org Aymeric Vincent aymeric@NetBSD.org Paul Vixie vixie@NetBSD.org Mike M. Volokhov mishka@NetBSD.org Krister Walfridsson kristerw@NetBSD.org Lex Wennmacher wennmach@NetBSD.org Leo Weppelman leo@NetBSD.org Assar Westerlund assar@NetBSD.org Todd Whitesel toddpw@NetBSD.org Frank Wille phx@NetBSD.org Nathan Williams nathanw@NetBSD.org Rob Windsor windsor@NetBSD.org Dan Winship danw@NetBSD.org Jim Wise jwise@NetBSD.org Michael Wolfson mbw@NetBSD.org Colin Wood ender@NetBSD.org Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@NetBSD.org Yuji Yamano yyamano@NetBSD.org David Young dyoung@NetBSD.org Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@NetBSD.org S.P.Zeidler spz@NetBSD.org Maria Zevenhoven maria7@NetBSD.org Christos Zoulas christos@NetBSD.org Other contributors: Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See http://www.netbsd.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product contains software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD project. This product contains software written by Ignatios Souvatzis and Michael L. 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This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ian F. Darwin and others. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ichiro FUKUHARA. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc. This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III. This product includes software developed by Jared D. McNeill. This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Com- munications, http://www.and.com/ This product includes software developed by Jeremy C. Reed for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch This product includes software developed by John Birrell. This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Jukka Marin. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu. This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara. This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California, Berke- ley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg. This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya Harakawa. This product includes software developed by Manuel Bouyer. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh. This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Michael Graff. This product includes software developed by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed by Michael Shalayeff. This product includes software developed by Michael Smith. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist. This product includes software developed by Onno van der Linden. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by RiscBSD. This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Roland C. Dowdeswell. This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens. This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE. This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Soren S. Jorvang. This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing. This product includes software developed by Steve Woodford. This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin. This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Tetsuya Isaki. This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner This product includes software developed by Tobias Weingartner. This product includes software developed by Todd C. Miller. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura and Reinoud Zandijk for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura. for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd. This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contrib- utors. This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Wasabi Systems for Zembu Labs, Inc. http://www.zembu.com/ This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki. This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Charles D. Cranor, Wash- ington University, University of California, Berkeley and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff. This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Develop- ment Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia Uni- versity. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at Urbana and their contributors. This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Indepen- dent Media Center. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Chris- tos Zoulas This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Emmanuel Dreyfus. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Igna- tios Souvatzis. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle- gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material The End NetBSD April 25, 2009 NetBSD